Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets
The Company recognises provisions when there is present obligation as a result of past event and it is probable that there will be an outflow of resources and reliable estimate can be made of the amount of the obligation. A disclosure for Contingent liabilities is made in the notes on accounts when there is a possible obligation or a present obligation that may, but probably will not, require an outflow of resources. Contingent assets are disclosed in the financial statements when flow of economic benefits is probable.
2.17 Financial instruments:
Financial assets and financial liabilities are recognised when the Company becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instrument.
Financial assets and financial liabilities are initially measured at fair value. Transaction costs that are directly attributable to the acquisition or issue of financial assets and financial liabilities (other than financial assets and financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss) are added to or deducted from the fair value of the financial assets or financial liabilities, as appropriate, on initial recognition. Transaction costs directly attributable to the acquisition of financial assets or financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss are recognised immediately in statement of profit and loss.
2.18 Financial assets:Financial asset is
1 Cash / Equity Instrument of another Entity,
2. Contractual right to -
a) receive Cash / another Financial Asset from another Entity, or
b) exchange Financial Assets or Financial Liabilities with another Entity under conditions that are potentially favourable to the Entity.
2.19 Subsequent measurement of the financial assets:
(i) Financial assets carried at amortised cost
A financial asset is subsequently measured at amortised cost if it is held within a business model whose objective is to hold the asset in order to collect contractual cash flows and the contractual terms of the financial asset give rise on specified dates to cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding.
(ii) Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income
A financial asset is subsequently measured at fair value through other comprehensive income if it is held within a business model whose objective is achieved by both collecting contractual cash flows and selling financial assets and the contractual terms of the financial asset give rise on specified dates to cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding. Further, in case where the company has made an irrevocable selection based on its business model, for its investments which are classified as equity instruments, the subsequent changes in fair value are recognised in other comprehensive income.
(iii) Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss
A financial asset which is not classified in any of the above categories are subsequently fair valued through profit or loss.
(iv) The Company recognises loss allowances using the expected credit loss (ECL) model for the financial assets which are not fair valued through profit or loss. Loss allowance for trade receivables with no significant financing component is measured at an amount equal to lifetime ECL. For all other financial assets, expected credit losses are measured at an amount equal to the 12-month ECL, unless there has been a significant increase in credit risk from initial recognition in which case those are measured at lifetime ECL. The amount of expected credit losses (or reversal) that is required to adjust the loss allowance at the reporting date to the amount that is required to be recognised is recognised as an impairment gain or loss in statement of profit and loss.
2.20 Financial liabilities:
Financial liability is Contractual Obligation to
a) Deliver Cash or another Financial Asset to another Entity, or
b) Exchange Financial Assets or Financial Liabilities with another Entity under conditions that are potentially unfavourable to the Entity.
The company's financial liabilities include trade and other payables, loans and borrowings including bank overdrafts.
2.21 Subsequent measurement of the financial liabilities:
Financial liabilities are subsequently carried at amortized cost using the effective interest rate method. For trade and other payables maturing within one year from the balance sheet date, the carrying amounts approximate the fair value due to the short maturity of these instruments.
2.22 Derecognition of financial instruments:
The Company derecognises a financial asset when the contractual rights to the cash flows from the financial asset expire or it transfers the financial asset and the transfer qualifies for derecognition under Ind AS 109. A financial liability (or a part of a financial liability) is derecognised from the Company's balance sheet when the obligation specified in the contract is discharged or cancelled or expires.
2.23 Fair value of financial instruments:
In determining the fair value of its financial instruments, the Company uses a variety of methods and assumptions that are based on market conditions and risks existing at each reporting date. The methods used to determine fair value include discounted cash flow analysis, available quoted market prices and dealer quotes. All methods of assessing fair value result in general approximation of value, and such value may or may not be realized.
2.24 Impairment of Assets:
Intangible assets and property, plant and equipment: Intangible assets and property, plant and equipment are evaluated for recoverability whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that their carrying amounts may not be recoverable. For the purpose of impairment testing, the recoverable amount (i.e. the higher of the fair value less cost to sell and the value-in-use) is determined on an individual asset basis unless the asset does not generate cash flows that are largely independent of those from other assets. In
such cases, the recoverable amount is determined for the Cash Generating Unit (CGU) to which the asset belongs.
If such assets are considered to be impaired, the impairment to be recognised in the statement of profit and loss is measured by the amount by which the carrying value of the assets exceeds the estimated recoverable amount of the asset. An impairment loss is reversed in the statement of profit and loss if there has been a change in the estimates used to determine the recoverable amount. The carrying amount of the asset is increased to its revised recoverable amount, provided that this amount does not exceed the carrying amount that would have been determined (net of any accumulated amortization or depreciation) had no impairment loss been recognised for the asset in prior years.
2.25 Fair value measurement:
The Company measures certain financial instruments at fair value at each reporting date. Fair value is the price that would be received on sale of an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The fair value measurement is based on the presumption that the transaction to sell the asset or transfer the liability takes place either:
a. In the principal market for the asset or liability, or
b. In the absence of principal market, in the most advantageous market for the asset or liability.
The fair value of an asset or a liability is measured using the assumptions that market participants would use when pricing the asset or liability, assuming that market participants act in their economic best interest.
The Company uses valuation techniques that are appropriate in the circumstances and for which sufficient data are available to measure fair value, maximising the use of relevant observable inputs and minimising the use of unobservable inputs.
2.26 Leases :
The Company assesses at contract inception whether a contract is, or contains, a lease. That is, if the contract conveys the right to control the use of an identified asset for a period of time in exchange for consideration. At the date of commencement of the lease, the Company recognises a right-of-use asset ("ROU") and a corresponding lease liability for all lease arrangements in which it is a lessee, except short-term leases and low value leases.
Ind AS 116 requires lessees to determine the lease term as the non-cancellable period of a lease adjusted with any option to extend or terminate the lease, if the use of such option is reasonably certain. The Company makes an assessment on the expected lease term on a lease-by-lease basis and thereby assesses whether it is reasonably certain that any options to extend or terminate the contract will be exercised. In evaluating the lease term, the Company considers factors such as any significant leasehold improvements undertaken over the lease term, costs relating to the termination of the lease and the importance of the underlying asset to the Company's operations taking into account the location of the underlying asset and the availability of suitable alternatives.
The Company applies the short-term lease recognition exemption to its short-term leases of premises and construction equipment (i.e., those leases that have a lease term of 12 months or less from the commencement date or the adoption of Ind AS 116 and do not contain a purchase option). Lease payments on short-term leases and leases of low-value assets are recognised as expense on a straight¬ line basis over the lease term.
2.27 Earnings Per Share :
Basic earnings per equity share is computed by dividing the net profit for the year attributable to the Equity Shareholders by the weighted average number of equity shares outstanding during the year. Diluted earnings per share is computed by dividing the net profit for the year, adjusted for the effects of dilutive potential equity shares, attributable to the Equity Shareholders by the weighted average number of the equity shares and dilutive potential equity shares outstanding during the year except where the results are anti-dilutive.
2.28 Cash Flow Statement:
Cash flows are reported using the indirect method, whereby profit / (loss) before extraordinary items and tax is adjusted for the effects of transactions of non-cash nature and any deferrals or accruals of past or future cash receipts or payments. The cash flows from operating, investing and financing activities of the Company are segregated based on the available information.
Cash comprises cash on hand and demand deposits with banks. Cash equivalents are short-term balances (with an original maturity of three months or less from the date of acquisition), highly liquid investments that are readily convertible into known amounts of cash and which are subject to insignificant risk of changes in value.
2.29 Critical judgements in applying accounting policies:
The following are the critical judgements, apart from those involving estimations, that the directors have made in the process of applying the Company's accounting policies and that have the most significant effect on the amounts recognised in the financial statement.
(i) Revenue recognition: The Company uses the stage of completion method using survey method and /or on completion of physical proportion of the contract work to measure progress towards completion in respect of construction contracts. This method is followed when reasonably dependable estimates of costs applicable to various elements of the contract can be made. Key factors that are reviewed in estimating the future costs to complete include estimates of future labour costs and productivity efficiencies. Because the financial reporting of these contracts depends on estimates that are assessed continually during the term of these contracts, recognised revenue and profit are subject to revisions as the contract progresses to completion. When estimates indicate that a loss will be incurred, the loss is provided for in the period in which the loss becomes probable.
(ii) Key sources of estimation uncertainty: The
following are the key assumptions concerning the future, and other key sources of estimation uncertainty at the end of the reporting period that may have a significant risk of causing a material adjustment to the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities within the next financial year.
2.30 Exceptional Items:
Exceptional Items represents the nature of transactions which are not in recurring nature during the ordinary course of business but lead to increase / decrease in profit / loss for the year.
2.31 Operating cycle:
The Company adopts operating cycle based on the project period (including Defect Liability Period) and accordingly all project related assets and liabilities are classified into current and non current. Other than project related assets and liabilities, 12 months period is considered as normal operating cycle.
2.32 Recent accounting pronouncements:
Standards issued but not yet effective and not early adopted by the Company
Ministry of Corporate Affairs ("MCA") notifies new standard or amendments to the existing standards. On March 31, 2023, the MCA, issued certain amendments to Ind AS. The amendments relate to the following standards:
- Ind AS 101, First-time Adoption of Indian Accounting Standards
- Ind AS 1, Presentation of Financial Statements
- Ind AS 8, Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors
- Ind AS 12, Income Taxes
These amendments are effective from April 01, 2023. The Company believes that the aforementioned amendments will not materially impact the financial statements of the Company.
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