1B.9 Provisions and contingencies

A provision is recognized when the Company has a present obligation as a result of past events and it is
probable that an outflow of resources will be required to settle the obligation in respect of which a
reliable estimate can be made. Provisions (excluding retirement benefits) are not discounted to their
present value and are determined based on the best estimate required to settle the obligation at the
Balance Sheet date. These are reviewed at each Balance Sheet date and adjusted to reflect the current
best estimates.

1B.10 Financial Instruments

Financial assets and financial liabilities are recognised when the Company becomes a party to the
contractual provisions of the instruments. Financial assets and financial liabilities are initially measured
at fair value. Transaction costs that are directly attributable to the acquisition or issue of financial
assets and financial liabilities (other than financial assets and financial liabilities at fair value through
profit or loss) are added to or deducted from the fair value of the financial assets or financial liabilities,
as appropriate, on initial recognition. Transaction costs directly attributable to the acquisition of
financial assets or financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss are recognised immediately in
profit or loss. Financial assets: All regular way purchases or sales of financial assets are recognised and
derecognised on a trade date basis. Regular way purchases or sales are purchases or sales of financial
assets that require delivery of assets within the time frame established by regulation or convention in
the marketplace.

Classification of financial assets

The financial assets are initially measured at fair value. Transaction costs that are directly attributable
to the acquisition of financial assets are added to the fair value of the financial assets on initial
recognition.

Initial recognition:

(i) Financial assets (other than investments) are subsequently measured at amortised cost using the
effective interest method. Effective interest method is a method of calculating the amortised cost of a
debt instrument and of allocating interest income over the relevant period. The effective interest rate
is the rate that exactly discounts estimated future cash receipts (including all fees and points paid or
received that form an integral part of the effective interest rate, transaction costs and other premiums
or discounts) through the expected life of the debt instrument, or, where appropriate, a shorter period,
to the net carrying amount on initial recognition. Investments in debt instruments that meet the
following conditions are subsequently measured at amortised cost

• the asset is held within a business model whose objective is to hold assets in order to collect
contractual cash flows; and

• the contractual terms of the instrument give rise on specified dates to cash flows that are solely
payments on principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding.

A financial asset is regarded as credit impaired when one or more events that may have a detrimental
effect on estimated future cash flows of the asset have occurred. The Company applies the expected
credit loss model for recognising impairment loss on financial assets (i.e. the shortfall between the
contractual cash flows that are due and all the cash flows (discounted) that the Company expects to
receive).

De-recognition of financial assets:

The Company derecognises a financial asset when the contractual rights to the cash flows from the
asset expire, or when it transfers the financial asset and substantially all the risks and rewards of
ownership of the asset to another party. If the Company neither transfers nor retains substantially all
the risks and rewards of ownership and continues to control the transferred asset, the Company
recognises its retained interest in the asset and an associated liability for amounts it may have to pay.
On de-recognition of a financial asset in its entirety, the difference between the asset's carrying
amount and the sum of the consideration received and receivable is recognised in the Statement of
profit and loss.

The Company has applied the de-recognition requirements of financial assets prospectively for
transactions occurring on or after April 1, 2016 (the transition date).

Financial liabilities and equity instruments:

Classification as debt or equity Debt and equity instruments issued by the Company are classified as
either financial liabilities or as equity in accordance with the substance of the contractual
arrangements and the definitions of a financial liability and an equity instrument.

Equity instruments

An equity instrument is any contract that evidences a residual interest in the assets of an entity after
deducting all of its liabilities. Equity instruments issued by a group entity are recognised at the
proceeds received, net of direct issue costs.

Financial liabilities

All financial liabilities are subsequently measured at amortised cost using the effective interest
method. The carrying amounts of financial liabilities that are subsequently measured at amortised cost
are determined based on the effective interest method. Interest expense that is not capitalised as part
of costs of an asset is included in the "Finance Costs".

The effective interest method is a method of calculating the amortised cost of a financial liability and of
allocating interest expense over the relevant period. The effective interest rate is the rate that exactly
discounts estimated future cash payments (including all fees and points paid or received that form an
integral part of the effective interest rate, transaction costs and other premiums or discounts) through
the expected life of the financial liability, or (where appropriate) a shorter period, to the net carrying
amount on initial recognition.

The Company derecognises financial liabilities when, and only when, the Company's obligations are
discharged, cancelled or have expired. An exchange between with a lender of debt instruments with
substantially different terms is accounted for as an extinguishment of the original financial liability and
the recognition of a new financial liability. Similarly, a substantial modification of the terms of an
existing financial liability (whether or not attributable to the financial difficulty of the debtor) is
accounted for as an extinguishment of the original financial liability and the recognition of a new
financial liability. The difference between the carrying amount of the financial liability derecognised
and the consideration paid and payable is recognised in profit or loss.

The Company has applied the de-recognition requirements of financial liabilities prospectively for
transactions occurring on or after April 1, 2016 (the transition date).

1C. Critical accounting judgments and key sources of estimation uncertainty

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with Ind AS requires the Company's
Management to make judgments, estimates and assumptions about the carrying amounts of assets
and liabilities recognised in the financial statements that are not readily apparent from other sources.
The judgements, estimates and associated assumptions are based on historical experience and other
factors including estimation of effects of uncertain future events that are considered to be relevant.
Actual results may differ from these estimates.

The estimates and underlying assumptions are reviewed on an ongoing basis. Revisions to accounting
estimates (accounted on a prospective basis) and recognised in the period in which the estimate is
revised if the revision affects only that period, or in the period of the revision and future periods of the
revision affects both current and future periods.

The following are the critical judgements and estimations that have been made by the Management in
the process of applying the Company's accounting policies and that have the most significant effect on
the amounts recognised in the financial statements and/or key sources of estimation uncertainty at the
end of the reporting period that may have a significant risk of causing a material adjustment to the
carrying amounts of assets and liabilities within the next financial year.

Inventories

An inventory provision is recognised for cases where the realisable value is estimated to be lower than
the inventory carrying value. The inventory provision is estimated taking into account various factors,
including prevailing sales prices of inventory item, losses associated with obsolete / slow-moving /
redundant inventory items. The Company has, based on these assessments, made adequate provision
in the books.